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Life Arts    H3'ed 3/31/24

Fareed Zakaria on Liberalism vs. Illiberalism (REVIEW ESSAY)

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In effect, Ong implicitly works with this thesis in his massively researched 1958 book Ramus, Method, and the Decay of Dialogue: From the Art of Discourse to the Art of Reason, mentioned above - his major exploration of the influence of the Gutenberg printing press that emerged in the mid-1450s. Taking a hint from Ong's massively researched 1958 book, Marshall McLuhan worked up some examples of his own in his sweeping 1962 book The Gutenberg Galaxy: The Making of Typographic Man, mentioned above (for specific page references to Ong's publications about Ramus and Ramism, see the "Bibliographic Index" [pp. 286-287]).

I have discussed Ong's philosophical thought in his massively researched 1958 book Ramus, Method, and the Decay of Dialogue in my OEN article "Walter J. Ong's Philosophical Thought" (dated September 20, 2020):

https://www.opednews.com/articles/Walter-J-Ong-s-Philosophi-by-Thomas-Farrell-Communication_Communications_Communications_Consciousness-200920-664.html

Now, because Ong's media ecology thesis strikes me as extraordinarily comprehensive, I have, over the years, examined an extraordinary range of books to see if they might be related to Ong's media ecology thesis. In most instances, I concluded that they could be.

However, Samuel P. Huntington's article "The Clash of Civilization?" in Foreign Affairs, volume 72, number 3 (1993): pp. 22-49, subsequently expanded by Huntington in his 1996 book The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order (Simon & Schuster), prompted me to write my article "The West Versus the Rest: Getting Our Cultural Bearings from Walter J. Ong" in Explorations in Media Ecology, volume 7, number 4 (2008): pp. 271-281.

For further information, see the Wikipedia entry "Clash of Civilizations."

Now, on the dedication page in Zakaria's new 2024 book Age of Revolutions, he lists fifteen of his "teachers and mentors" over the years - including Samuel P. Huntington.

In Zakaria's Chapter 5: "The Real American Revolution: Industrial United States" in his timely new 2024 book Age of Revolutions (pp. 142-165), he says, "The political scientist Samuel Huntington argued that the American Revolution in essence extended a preexisting 'Tudor polity,' a weak and decentralized system whose councils, legislatures, and legal formulas the early colonists brought with them from seventeenth-century England. Even today, America's unusual system - which divides powers between different branches of government and different levels of government - bears the hallmarks of that Tudor system" (p. 243).

In Zakaria's "Notes" (pp. 331-364), he references Samuel Huntington, "Tudor Polity and Modernizing Societies" in Political Order in Changing Societies (Yale University Press, 1958, pp. 134-135).

Now, the rise of modern capitalism and the rise of representative democracy are often referred to as economic liberalism and political liberalism, respectively. The self-styled conservative columnist David Brooks refer to them both combined as liberalism in his recent column in the New York Times titled "The Great Struggle for Liberalism" (dated March 28, 2024) about Zakaria's new 2024 book Age of Revolutions:

Click Here

For Brooks, "The enemies of liberal democracy" include "Vladimir Putin, Xi Jinping, Donald Trump, [and] campus radicals."

According to Brooks, "One of the powerful features of this book is that Zakaria doesn't treat liberal democratic capitalism as some set of abstract ideas. He shows how it was created by real people in real communities who wanted richer, fuller, and more dynamic lives.

"His [Zakaria's] story starts in the Dutch Republic in the 16th century. . . .

"The next liberal leap forward occurred in Britain. . . .

"America was next, and the pattern replicated itself[.]"

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Thomas James Farrell is professor emeritus of writing studies at the University of Minnesota Duluth (UMD). He started teaching at UMD in Fall 1987, and he retired from UMD at the end of May 2009. He was born in 1944. He holds three degrees from Saint Louis University (SLU): B.A. in English, 1966; M.A.(T) in English 1968; Ph.D.in higher education, 1974. On May 16, 1969, the editors of the SLU student newspaper named him Man of the Year, an honor customarily conferred on an administrator or a faculty member, not on a graduate student -- nor on a woman up to that time. He is the proud author of the book (more...)
 

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