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During the 18th and 19th centuries, philosophers like Immanuel Kant said states, as well as individuals, should be subject to international law. Force by one nation against another should be prohibited.
His "Preliminary Articles" provided ways to prevent war. They included:
(1) Prohibiting secret peace treaties that tacitly include the possibility of future war.
(2) Abolishing standing armies.
(3) Prohibiting national debts from provoking external conflicts.
(4) Affirming that no state shall forcefully confront others.
Three other articles included ways to establish peace:
(1) Every state constitution should be republican.
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