People who know better gave Rachel Maddow's new book unqualified praise in blurbs on the dust jacket. Maybe they see more good than bad in the book, which is called "Drift: The Unmooring of American Military Power." That's a fair assessment. I'd love for a hundred million Americans or so who never read books to read this one. It wouldn't be the first book I'd pick, but it would probably do a lot more good than harm.
It may seem greedy of me to wish that this book were a little bit better, but when Eisenhower warned of "the total influence -- economic, political, even spiritual" of the military industrial complex, he exhibited that influence himself during the same speech in his comments on the Soviet Union. Eisenhower was no exception to the totality of the influence, and neither is Maddow.Maddow's book picks out episodes, from the war on Vietnam to the present -- episodes in the expansion of the military industrial complex and in the aggrandizement of presidential war powers. Some of the episodes are extremely revealing and well told. Maddow's is perhaps the best collection I've seen of nuclear near-miss and screw-up stories. But much is missing from the book. And some of what is there is misleading.
Missing is the fact that U.S. wars kill people other than U.S. troops. The U.S. Civil War's battles, in Maddow's view "remain, to this day, America's most terrifying and costly battles." That depends what (or whom) you consider a cost. A listing of U.S. dead on the television show "Nightline," Maddow writes, "would be a televised memorial to those who had died in a year of war." Would it really? Everyone who had died? Victims of U.S. wars make an appearance in these pages as the sex slaves of U.S. mercenaries, but not as the victims of murder on a large scale. This absence is in contrast to a large focus on the damage done to U.S. troops, and a much larger focus on financial costs -- and not even on the tradeoffs, not even on the things that we could be spending money on, but rather on the "threat" of deficits and debt. Maddow notes the dramatic conversion from weapons factories to automobile, tractor, and refrigerator factories that followed World War II, but she does not propose such a conversion process now.
War, in Maddow's world, is not in need of abolition so much as proper execution, which sometimes means more massive and less hesitant execution. LBJ "tried to fight a war on the cheap," Maddow quotes a member of Johnson's administration as recalling. On the other hand, when Colin Powell and Norman Schwarzkopf propose five or six aircraft carriers for the First War on Iraq, Maddow recounts that this "would leave naval power dangerously thin in the rest of the world." Dangerous for whom?
Meanwhile advocates of ending war show up in a brief reference to "student activists and peaceniks," and a characterization of publications favoring peace as those advertising "Oriental herbs, futons, prefab geodesic homes, all-cotton drawstring pants, send-a-crystal-to-a-friend, and the magic of Feldenkrais's Awareness Through Movement seminars."
Missing from the selected vignettes are some major wars but also the very existence of endless small wars and interventions. The most complete portrait of a period is that of the Reagan presidency, which dominates the book. Whereas Johnson "got dragged" into Vietnam in Maddow's account, and the Gulf of Tonkin incident, which NEVER HAPPENED, was "wildly exaggerated," Reagan gets a no-punches-pulled depiction as the heartless warmonger that he was. He also gets credit for undoing the Soviet Union: "there might be some truth to that," says Maddow, even though many believe that the Soviet Union could have dissolved sooner without the Ronnie Raygun military spending spree.
"Drift" is excellent on the transfer of war powers from Congress to the White House, but part of that story, as Maddow tells it, is presidential appeal to public opinion. She leaves out the calculated manipulation of that public opinion through outright lies. In Maddow's telling, Reagan didn't give a darn about rescuing U.S. students in Grenada -- his excuse for invading. But the excuse, in this telling, remains plausibly a part of the motivation. In actual fact, U.S. State Department official James Budeit, two days before the invasion, learned that the students were not in danger. When about 100 to 150 students decided they wanted to leave, their reason was fear of the U.S. attack. The parents of 500 of the students sent President Reagan a telegram asking him not to attack, letting him know their children were safe and free to leave Grenada if they chose to do so.
In her account of the First War on Iraq, Maddow says that President George H.W. Bush convinced Saudi Arabia to allow U.S. troops in, but not that this was done by dishonestly claiming that Iraqi troops were massing at the border, a claim disproven by satellite photos. Maddow quotes Bush's claims about babies taken out of incubators in Kuwait, but does not mention that some congress members, including the late Tom Lantos (D., Calif.), knew but did not tell the U.S. public that the girl who told Congress the story was the daughter of the Kuwaiti ambassador to the United States, that she'd been coached by a major U.S. public relations company paid by the Kuwaiti government, and that there was no other evidence for the story.
When Maddow gets to the Clinton wars in the former Yugoslavia, she writes of the urge to bomb as a humanitarian impulse: "Long years on the national security watch had given [Colin Powell] a much stronger stomach than the new president when it came to absorbing the daily press accounts of prison camp survivors, or of homeless starving Muslim and Croat refugees, or of the victims of Serbian artillery, snipers, and para-military knife-wielding thugs." Somehow Navy SEALS are never "thugs." Somehow Rwanda did not upset Clinton's delicate stomach, even though police rather than bombs might have been appropriate in that case, and even though NATO wasn't interested. Somehow the options are limited to war or nothing.
The new sensitive president remarked of Somalia, according to George Stephanopoulos: "We're not inflicting pain on these f*ckers. When people kill us, they should be killed in greater numbers. I believe in killing people who try to hurt you. And I can't believe we're being pushed around by these two-bit pricks."
But Clinton chickened out on proper war making in Bosnia, in Maddow's account: "With his public approval ratings already sinking under the weight of policy fumbles like gays in the military and a failing health-care initiative, Clinton decided to take a pass on his Balkans test. In this game of chicken with the Pentagon and mouthpieces like [John] McCain, Clinton blinked. Clinton managed to commit the U.S. military to a fairly impotent 'no-fly zone' operation, and applauded the UN-formed 'safe zones' in the Balkans, but other than that he sat back and watched while Milosevic and Serb warlords continued to grind down the Croats and the Bosnians, and then taunt the West." What happened to restraint? legality? government of by and for the people? Also missing from Maddow's account is the 1999 bombing, the lies that facilitated it, and the defiance of Congress it entailed.
And what about elements of history that are in doubt: should they be mentioned? The Iran hostage crisis plays a role in "Drift," but nowhere is there any hint at the likelihood that Reagan's team played a role in delaying the release of the hostages.
Public opinion should not be treated sloppily when it comes to Congressional actions any more than presidential. Whenever Congress plays a role, Maddow uses the term "we," as in "We decided to go to war, as a country." Here she was referring to the attack on Baghdad in 1991. Personally, I recall protesting that in the street, but I don't recall voting on the decision or electing someone to represent me who gave a damn what I thought.
Maddow explains war, to the extent that she does, in terms of electoral calculations and machismo. The secret wars that she discusses are obviously hard to explain by the re-election strategies of presidents. Machismo indeed goes a long way. But what about money? What about corruption? What about weapons manufactured in little pieces as jobs programs in dozens of congressional districts?
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