Sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including HIV, are known to be primarily transmitted through sexual route, which has created a major impact on sexual and reproductive health worldwide. They are caused by viruses, bacteria, or parasitic microorganisms that are transmitted through sexual activity with an infected partner. Although some of the STIs are curable, others still do not have any effective preventive or therapeutics available such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), human papillomavirus (HPV), and herpes simplex virus (HSV).
The recently concluded International Conference on "Emerging Frontiers and Challenges in Management and Control of STIs and HIV" organized by National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (NIRRH), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) and MGM Institute of Health Sciences, and held in Mumbai, provided an interactive forum to researchers, public-health providers, and policymakers for addressing issues related to mode, mechanism, and management of STIs including HPV, HSV, syphilis, gonorrhoea, chancroid, trichomoniasis, and HIV. It dwelt on development of efficacious strategies for diagnosis, prevention, treatment, and control of stigma associated with STIs.
STIs are the oldest health problem on planet earth. Globally, STIs and their complications rank in the top five disease categories for which adults and adolescent seek health care. Worldwide one million persons acquire some STI every day. The economic burden of STIs in US alone in 2010 was $17 billion. Moreover, STI prevention is also the key to HIV prevention, as STI enhances risk of acquiring HIV by 8-10 times. Treatment of STI reduces HIV-infection transmission by 42%.
STI-control programme was the first public-health programme started in India way back in 1946. But even today an estimated 30 million STIs and Reproductive-Tract Infection (RTI) episodes occur annually in the country based on a prevalence of 6% of reproductively active population. Out of these 14 million seek treatment from the government sector and 16 million from the private sector. STI rates in urban and rural areas are almost similar.
Dr Atmaram H Bandivdekar, a Senior Scientist at the National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (NIRRH), ICMR, and Organizing Secretary of this Conference, lamented that STIs, including HIV, affect not only adults but adolescents and children also. While speaking to CNS, Dr Bandivdekar stressed upon the importance of basic clinical research and hoped that presentations made at the conference would be helpful in revising and redesigning the strategy for prevention and control of STIs in the country. He said that it is important to create more awareness about STIs in the general public. At the same time, the government and other agencies must ensure that whatever meaningful research scientists do in the labs, its fruits reach the public and the public should be in a position to receive them.
Dr Bandivdekar said that STIs, including HIV, can be transmitted through the paternal route and not just from mother to child. He told that, "One route of STI transmission could be from father to child also. We came across one such case at JJ Hospital, Mumbai, where the viral sequence of an infant born with HIV matched that of his father, while mother was HIV negative at the time of delivery. This could be through the spermatozoa--the sperm, which carries the HIV virus. But there is need for further testing for this and we have to probe further."
Dr Balaiah Donta, a senior scientist at NIRRH, stressed upon the need for a robust surveillance system for STIs in India. He told CNS that, "We only have hospital-based studies on STIs. There should be community-based studies and the entire population should be screened for STIs and RTIs (reproductive-tract infections). Unless this sort of surveillance is done we will not get the true prevalence data of STIs, which is so important to design effective control and management strategies."
"Another obstacle in proper management of STIs is the absence of health seeking behaviour in the general public, especially women. They seek treatment only when they have a major problem which hampers their daily routine. This carelessness prevents them from taking timely preventive steps. Prevention is better than cure. For example Pap-smear test will diagnose not only STIs and RTIs but also help in indicating cervical cancer. If detected in early stages cervical cancer can be cured. But most women with cervical cancer see a doctor very late when it has already reached the incurable stage, and there is no chance of saving their life. We have to cultivate health-seeking behaviour in women by encouraging them through their husbands. Husbands also need to be screened and treated; else women may get re-infected. Community-based screening for STIs will require a lot of sustained efforts and the government will have to involve the general practitioners in this task as well."
Dr Nomita Chandhiok, Deputy Director General at Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), told CNS that, "Perhaps due to syndromic management incidence of bacterial STIs like syphilis, gonorrhoea, and chlamydia is coming down. But viral STIs like HPV, HSV, and HIV are of concern. Out of these, HIV is the worst due to its devastating consequences. But for India the biggest challenge is to deal with HPV, as to some extent we have been able to contain the HIV epidemic. A large number of women are dying of cervical cancer for want of a good screening programme for HPV, as longstanding HPV can lead to cervical cancer over a long period of time. But if treated early cervical cancer can be avoided. Also we should not be complacent about the STIs, which are for the moment under control. So one needs to be alert all the time, continue focussing on STIs and HIV and keep women's needs in our perspective. For long we have kept needs of men in focus.
"Women's groups should advocate more for barrier methods like the female condom (FC), which, unlike hormonal contraceptives, are devoid of side effects. Unfortunately, FC is not in our government programme, is too expensive and there is total lack of publicity for it in any segment of women. Female-oriented Multipurpose Preventive Technologies (MPTs) will empower women and are a better option as very often they cannot negotiate with men to use them."
The main challenges in controlling and treating STIs are partnering with the private sector; mainstreaming HIV/STI response; poor referral linkages between sexual- and reproductive-health components; and reaching the most at-risk population. As Dr Chander P Puri, former Director of NIRRH and Pro-Vice Chancellor (Research), MGM Institute of Health Sciences, remarked--it is not easy to curtail STIs in India. It would require increased budgets, strong political will, quality research, and commitment to roll out evidence-based interventions.
Shobha Shukla, Citizen News Service (CNS)
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