Although the Ayatollah had nothing to do with seizing the American embassy staff, he profited politically from the hostage crisis. He is reported to have said; "This action has many benefits ... this has united our people. Our opponents do not dare act against us.
A year after the Ayatollah returned from exile, all political dissent was set aside as the Iranian people fought for the survival of their country.
In September of 1980, Saddam Hussein launched a full scale invasion of Iran. He saw the political upheaval as an opportunity to capture oil-rich provinces and control the strategic Shatt al-Arab waterway. His regime also feared an uprising among Shia Muslims in Iraq.
His forces outnumbered the Iranians at the beginning of the war, and the Iraqis captured key objectives. But they underestimated the revolutionary zeal of the Iranians. With three times the population of Iraq, Iran's superior numbers weathered the Iraqi offensive, then threatened to invade.
Iranian soldiers carried out suicidal human wave attacks against the better equipped Iraqi forces. The Iraqis dug in, and the war became a deadly stalemate reminiscent of World War One. As Saddam's position became more precarious, he resorted to Scud missile attacks on Iranian cities, and even chemical warfare.
President Reagan declared that the United States; "would do whatever was necessary to prevent Iraq from losing the war with Iran". His administration provided Iraq with satellite intelligence, and authorized the sale of "dual use items that had both military and civilian applications. This equipment included trucks, military electronics, and chemicals such as mustard gas and VX nerve agent.
The Iran-Iraq War lasted nine years, and was one of the twentieth century's bloodiestconflicts. Iran suffered an estimated 1 million killed or wounded, including 100,000 casualties from chemical weapons. Iraqi casualties are estimated at 250,000-500,000 killed or wounded.
We supported Saddam during his war with Iran, two years later he invaded Kuwait, and we were fighting him ourselves. During that war, the United States incited the Shia Muslims in Iraq to rise up and overthrow Saddam. On March 1, 1991, the day after a ceasefire ended the Persian Gulf War, the people of Iraq revolted against Saddam's regime.
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