Caitlin Littleton, Regional Programme Adviser at HelpAge International (Asia Pacific), echoes similar sentiments: "Throughout society, people make assumptions about older people which do not reflect reality. There are many false beliefs about sexuality among older adults, like older people do not want to have sex, or that older people should not have sex, or that older people do not have sex. These are largely external viewpoints - strongly reinforced by media and societal norms. All this results in prejudice and discrimination, and ignores individual experiences of ageing. Dismantling ageist views and discriminatory practices regarding sexual health are essential in achieving the right to health, women's rights, LGBTQI rights and older people's rights. In reality all adults, irrespective of their age, should be able to safely and fully express their sexuality".
There are very few studies from Asia Pacific countries on the sexual practices of older people. Two studies were presented during the session - one by Dr Tey Nai Peng, Associate Professor at the University of Malaya on "Understanding the Sexual Behaviour of Older Men and Women in Malaysia", and another by Professor Xiaoming Sun from School of Sociology and Population Sciences, Nanjing University, China, on "Unmet needs of sexual and reproductive health among women aged 50-64 in rural China".
The Malaysian study was done on currently married persons aged 60 years and above. Findings of the study, as shared by Dr Peng, clearly indicate that sexuality is a lifelong need and sexual activity remains an important aspect of life among older men and women. Education, healthcare, cultural practices, social media and the family have important roles in sustaining a happy and healthy sexual life in old age. Hence sexual and reproductive health services for older people should be an integral component of the National Healthcare Policy.
The Chinese study was a population-based survey of rural women aged 50-64 years in 7 provinces of China to assess their sexual and reproductive health status, access to health services and unmet sexual and reproductive health needs. Professor Xiaoming Sun informed that as the Chinese family planning programme was initiated to decrease the fertility rate, it focussed on preventing unwanted pregnancies rather than on women's overall sexual and reproductive health issues. The programme only provides free contraceptive services to married women aged 15 to 49 years. After reaching the age of 50 years, Chinese women are no longer eligible for free sexual and reproductive health services. Little is known about their sexual and reproductive health demands, unmet contraceptive needs and menopause-related problems.
The survey results showed that a large number of women of this age group in rural China lack quality sexual and reproductive health services, especially the long acting IUD (intrauterine device) removal for post menopausal women. The main reason for this as cited by Prof Sun is that family planning programmes focus only on young women. "After one child's delivery they encourage them to have an IUD insertion. So IUD insertion becomes their major task rather than its removal later on for the middle aged women. Lack of awareness in women about correct IUD removal time, coupled with a lack of sexual and reproductive health services, results in prolonged retention of IUD. It should be the responsibility of the healthcare providers to tell the women when they should have the IUD removed, otherwise they may face a lot of side effects", he said.
However the good news is, that based on the above research results, the National Family Planning Association of China and the government have started implementing a comprehensive reproductive health service programme for middle-age women since 2019, that covers sexual and reproductive health services, particularly safe IUD removal, for women aged 50-64, which is now included in the existing primary health care services free of charge in rural areas.
Some other sparks of hope were also shared at the session. Rongo File, Executive Director, and Polly Cabia, programme coordinator of Cook Islands Family Welfare Association, shared that "We provide sexual and reproductive health as well as other services (like for care and control of non-communicable diseases) to men and women who are 65 years or older. These include services like pap smear tests, breast cancer check ups for women aged 65 years and above, and testing for STIs in older men and women. Our oldest client taking STIs and HIV test was 67 years and for pap smear test 72 years old. A menopause clinic for our female clients is also being planned."
Dr Susan Fan from Family Planning Association of Hong Kong shared that Hong Kong's first designated Menopause Clinic for healthy women going through perimenopause and menopause was launched in 1997. They are offered oestrogen cream and jelly for lubrication to relieve painful sex. They are also offered short term hormone replacement therapy to tide over severe menopausal symptoms like hot flushes. They are also screened for osteoporosis.
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