Mining and Smelting
Amnesty International and African Resources Watch, "This is What We Die For: Human Rights Abuses in the Democratic Republic of the Congo Power the Global Trade in Cobalt," 2016.
Choi, Hye-Bin, et al., "The impact of anthropogenic inputs on lithium content in river and tap water," Nature Communications, 2019.
Jensen, Derrick, Lierre Keith and Max Wilbert, Bright Green Lies: How the Environmental Movement Lost Its Way and What We Can Do About It, Monkfish, 2021. Ecological impacts of manufacturing, operating and discarding "renewable" power systems. (Computers demand similar substances.) See also Julia Barnes' documentary, "Bright Green Lies."
Kara, Siddharth, Cobalt Red: How the Blood of the Congo Powers Our Lives, St. Martin's, 2023.
Katwala, Amit, "The spiraling environmental cost of our lithium battery addiction," 8.5.18.
Klinger, Julie Michelle, Rare Earth Frontiers: from Terrestrial Subsoils to Lunar Landscapes, Cornell University Press, 2017.
Troszak, Thomas, "Why Do We Burn Coal and Trees for Solar Panels?" Describes manufacturing silicon for solar panels. (Electronic-grade silicon needs more purity than solar-grade silicon.)
Sovacool, Benjamin K., et al., "Sustainable minerals and metals for a low-carbon future," Science, Vol. 367, Issue 6473, 3 January 2020.
Standefer, Katherine, Lightning Flowers: My Journey to Uncover the Cost of a Life, Hachette, 2020. Standefer traveled to the mines and assembly plants involved in her defibrillator's elements.
Shipping
Mims, Christopher, Arriving Today: From Factory to Front Door-- Why Everything Has Changed About How and What We Buy, HarperCollins 2021.
Waste
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