While members of such libraries would indeed pay annual dues or even buy shares in them, circulating libraries -- some operated by publishing companies, others as stand-alone profit-making businesses -- charged the public rent on specific volumes. At a time when books were very expensive, circulating libraries made them available to people who couldn't afford to own the ones they wanted to read. Such libraries were especially attractive to female readers, the main audience for the expanding universe of fiction in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.
Private-Public Partnerships
I'm lucky to live less than a block from a branch library located in a classical-style two-story stone building. With almost floor-to-ceiling deep-set windows, thick walls, and a hushed interior, the Mission branch of the San Francisco Public Library is an island of peace in the choppy waters of my vibrant neighborhood. In many ways, the Mission is contested territory. Here, the children and grandchildren of Latin American immigrants compete for cultural and commercial space with a new group of migrants -- the tech workers who love the Mission District for its edginess, but whose comparatively high earnings are pushing up rents for older residents and, in the process, sanding off some of those edges.
Still, the library serves us all without fail. It has children's story hours, a bank of Internet-connected computers, and shelves and shelves of books, including a substantial selection of titles in Spanish. Many mornings, I see snaking lines of tiny kids waiting for the library to open so they can listen to stories and exchange last week's books for a new selection.
Public branch libraries as we know them might never have existed if it weren't for the munificence of a single obscenely rich private donor. Like more than 2,500 others built worldwide, my branch is a Carnegie library. It was constructed in 1916 with funds provided by the Scottish-American robber baron and steel magnate Andrew Carnegie. Like every community seeking Carnegie money, San Francisco had to satisfy his specific requirements. It had to demonstrate the need for a public library. It also had to guarantee that it would provide an appropriate building site, salaries for a professional staff, operating funds once it was open, services for free, and (perhaps most importantly) use public money (in addition to any private donations) to support the library. Carnegie believed that communities would only value and maintain their libraries if they were collectively supported by taxpayers. He also thought that libraries belonged in local neighborhoods where potential readers would have easy access to them, so early on he stopped funding the main libraries in cities in favor of neighborhood branches.
Almost 1,700 of these, along with about 100 university libraries, were built in the United States with his money between 1886 and 1929. He also funded them around the world from Canada and Great Britain to Mauritius, Fiji, and New Zealand, among other places. In the Jim Crow South, Carnegie did nothing to oppose racial segregation but did at least apply the same approach and standards to the construction of libraries in Black neighborhoods of segregated cities as in white ones.
In an age when today's robber barons are investing their money in fantasies of personal survival, whether through cryogenic freezing or riding out climate change in luxurious private bunkers in New Zealand or Hawaii, it's hard not to have a certain nostalgia for Carnegie's brand of largesse. I don't know whether Peter Thiel's New Zealand "apocalypse insurance" redoubt will still be there a century from now, but my library is already more than 100 years old and I wouldn't be surprised if it were still offering whatever the equivalent of books might be, assuming no ultimate apocalypse has occurred, 100 years from now.
Threatening the Benign Institution
You might think that an apparently harmless public good like a library would have no enemies. But in the age of Trump and his movement to Make America Grotesque Again, there turn out to be many. Some are "astroturf" outfits like the not-even-a-little-bit-ironically named Moms for Liberty. M4L, as they abbreviate their name, was founded in 2021 in Florida, originally to challenge Covid-era mask mandates in public schools. They've since expanded their definition of "liberty" to include pursuing the creation of public school libraries that are free of any mention of the existence of LGBTQ people, gender variations, sex, or racism. In effect, the freedom they are seeking is liberation from the real world.
You won't be surprised to learn that M4L supported Florida Governor Ron DeSantis's 2022 and 2023 "Don't Say Gay" laws, which outlaw any discussion of sexual orientation or gender identity in public schools, while making it extremely easy for parents or other citizens to demand the removal of books they find objectionable from school libraries. Copycat laws have since been passed in multiple states, including Tennessee where a school district banned MAUS, the bestselling Pulitzer Prize-winning graphic novel about the Holocaust, from its curriculum, thanks to eight now-forbidden words and a drawing of a naked mouse. (In doing so, it also drove the book back onto national bestseller lists.)
One Florida school district chose to play it especially safe, not limiting itself to removing commonly banned books like Push by Sapphire, the 1970s anti-drug classic Go Ask Alice, and Ann Frank's Diary of a Young Girl. According to CBS News, "Also on the list are 'Merriam-Webster's Elementary Dictionary,' 'The Bible Book,' 'The World Book Encyclopedia of People and Places,' 'Guinness Book of World Records, 2000,' 'Webster's Dictionary and Thesaurus for Students,' and 'The American Heritage Children's Dictionary.'" I guess the book banners don't want to risk kids encountering any words they disapprove of in a dictionary.
Contemporary book-banning efforts extend beyond school libraries, where reasonable people might differ (a little!) about what books should be available to children, to public libraries, where book banners seek to keep even adults from reading whatever we choose. EveryLibrary, an anti-censorship organization, keeps a running total of active "legislation of concern" in state legislatures that relates to controlling libraries and librarians. They maintain a continually updated list of such bills (the number of active ones changed just as I was exploring their online list). As of today, they highlight 93 pieces of legislation moving through legislatures in 24 states as varied as Idaho and Rhode Island.
In 2024, they are focusing on a number of key issues, including "bills that would criminalize libraries, education, and museums (and/or the employees therein) by removing long-standing defense from prosecution exemptions under obscenity laws and/or expose librarians to civil penalties." In addition to protecting libraries and their employees from criminal prosecution for stocking the "wrong" books, they are focusing on potential legislation that could restrict the freedom of libraries to develop their collections as they wish, as well as bills that would defund or close public libraries altogether. Sadly, as those 93 active bills indicate, in all too many states, libraries are desperately under attack.
Legislation pending in Oklahoma offers an interesting example of the kinds of bills moving through statehouses around the country. The proposed "Opposition to Marxism and Defense of Oklahoma Children Act of 2024," unlike some bills in other states, is not concerned with excising specific offerings from Oklahoma's library shelves. Rather, it focuses on a key organization, the American Library Association (ALA), which, since 1876, has existed to promote and support librarians. One of the ALA's most important activities is the accreditation of library schools, where future librarians study their craft.
Oklahoma's "Opposition to Marxism Act" would outlaw all cooperation with the ALA, including a previously existing requirement that public librarians have degrees from ALA-accredited library schools. In this context, "opposing Marxism" means opposing the main professional organization for librarians and its Oklahoma affiliate. I imagine this has something to do with the ALA's support for "Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion," which any MAGA adherent will assure you is just another code word for Marxism.
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